This knocks loose a memory for me. The instructor for the anthropology class that I took in college introduced the idea of natural categories versus cultural categories, and the example that he used was the category of things called “chair.” It’s a cultural category, which is defined as things that humans assign to the category somewhat arbitrarily.
A chair might be something for a human to sit on, like a wooden platform on four legs, with a vertical back for lumbar support. It may have armrests (“arms”) or not. If it doesn’t have a back, it’s a stool. But stools can also have backs, like some barstools, if they have longer legs. But a director’s chair has long legs, and a back, and is not a stool?! And then what of a papasan chair, with no legs, with the seat and backrest combined into one, curved platform?
If you sit on a stump around a campfire, that’s kind of an improvised chair, defined more by the use than the shape. Then, put a collection of stumps around a table in a cabincore dining room, and now they are formally chairs.
In the other direction, the student union at my university is well-known for its colorful terrace chairs with a sunburst pattern on the back. It has a couple of 10-foot-tall versions for people to climb on (at their own risk!) for social media photo ops. Those are chairs, because of the shape, although they’re not for a human to sit on.
And then let’s not even get into lounge chairs, upon which you can be fully recumbent instead of sitting… Point is “biological female” is a natural category (sexually-reproducing organism bearing the larger of its species’ gametes). It includes lizards and ferns, but not all of what we call women, because women is a cultural category. It’s kind of arbitrary.
And yeah, intelligent people know this, and the “adult biological female” people are just trying to hide their bigotry. I just like to think out loud about it.
CapitalistsPeople in just about every system ignore negative externalities, which are defined as costs borne by other people for the benefits that they receive themselves. Ironically, capitalism might be the best short-term solution, if only we had the political will. One of the major functions of government is to internalize negative externalities, via taxes and regulations. It’s easy for a factory owner to let toxic effluent flow into the nearby river, but if it costs enough in taxes and fines, it’s cheaper to contain it. We just need to use government regulations to make environmental damage cost too much money, and the market would take care of re-balancing economic activity to sustainable alternatives. The carbon tax is a well-known example of this technique, but we’ve seen how well that has gone over politically. Still, it’s probably easier to push those kinds of regulations in a short time frame than to fundamentally revamp the entire system.