It makes sense. A shift toward full integration can only come from within the UK. British economists are the ones who should explain that adopting the euro would be beneficial. Schengen is something the UK has to choose to discuss with Ireland and France.

You can find the answer to that question and many others in the Wikipedia article on European integration.

declining gas consumption for years.

Germany’s gas consumption isn’t declining and is approximately the same in 2025 as it was in 1995.

un jeune bourge qui sort d’école de commerce

Pour info, Macron n’est pas passé par une école de commerce.

Extrait de l’article Wikipédia sur Emmanuel Macron :

Il intègre l’Institut d’études politiques de Paris en 1998. D’abord étudiant au sein de la section « Internationale », il se réoriente en troisième année au sein de la section « Service public ». Il sort diplômé de Sciences Po en 2001. Il suit en parallèle un cursus en philosophie à l’université Paris-Nanterre et y obtient successivement une maîtrise en 2000 et un DEA en 2001 ; ses mémoires d’études sont dédiés à des penseurs politiques : Machiavel et Hegel.

[…]

En septembre 2008, il se met en disponibilité de la fonction publique et devient banquier d’affaires chez Rothschild & Cie. Recruté par François Henrot sur recommandation de Jacques Attali, Serge Weinberg (président du conseil d’administration d’Accor) et Xavier Fontanet (PDG d’Essilor International), il indique que l’échec de son militantisme local dans le Pas-de-Calais, où il n’a pu obtenir une investiture socialiste, et l’élection de Nicolas Sarkozy à la présidence de la République, l’a poussé vers cette activité. À cette époque, il a déjà pour ambition de devenir président de la République, mais, en s’engageant dans le privé, il suit les conseils d’Alain Minc, qui estime qu’il est préférable d’être fortuné pour faire de la politique. L’un de ses premiers dossiers est le rachat de Cofidis, spécialiste du crédit à la consommation, par le Crédit mutuel.

The letter and spirit of the paragraph both seem quite clear to me. The united Germany was to become party to the same treaties as West and East Germany with regard to nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. The NPT is the legal text of the “renunciation” of nuclear weapons, even though that specific word doesn’t actually appear in the NPT. Germany’s rights and obligations under the NPT are the same as those of all other signatories.

I’m saying your interpretation of the treaty is incorrect. Immediately after the two sentences you quoted is a third one clarifying that the “rights and obligations arising from the [NPT] will continue to apply to the united Germany”, meaning that Germany retains the right to withdraw from the NPT under Article X like any other signatory.

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany restored the country’s full sovereignty. The positions it reaffirms don’t limit what Germany is allowed to do under other treaties. It doesn’t prevent Germany withdrawing from the NPT. It doesn’t prevent Germany from doing anything that other sovereign states can do.

Germany bought a small number (35) US fighter jets as replacement for the aging Panavia Tornado used as bombers carrying US nuclear weapons as they are not allowed by their allies to have their own.

This is a very weird claim. If Germany wanted to build its own nuclear bombs, it could withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Germany could also have asked to host French nuclear missiles instead of US nuclear bombs, possibly as part of an EU-wide agreement rather than a bilateral deal.

It’s a subsidy when the state ends up paying the difference between the guaranteed price and the average market price.

Rappel : le président du Sénat suppléante le président de la République. Si Macron ne peut plus remplir ses fonctions, c’est Larcher qui est temporairement au pouvoir (article 7 de la Constitution de 1958).

I guess another way would be fixed prices for all nuclear and renewables since they have fixed costs anyway. The thing is, the system already works that way to an extent, as there are a lot of guaranteed prices in renewables and some in nuclear. As far as I can tell, these subsidies are why the market price sometimes goes negative when solar or wind produce a lot: the subsidized sellers don’t care, they still receive their guaranteed income based on the quantity of energy they inject into the grid. It seems to me that without these subsidies the market prices would always be high, thus better reflecting the true cost of electricity.

Setting the electricity market price based on the most expensive source at any given time is pretty much universal in Europe. It’s an EU thing, not a specificity of the UK.

Changing this rule would reduce the income and profits of climate friendly electricity providers, thus penalizing the investors who tried to do the right thing.